Tropospheric volume elements enriched with vital elements and/or protective substances

ABSTRACT

Tropospheric volume elements enriched with vital elements and/or protective substances as well as procedures for their production and application. The term “vital elements” applies to all matter supporting the development of life within the earth&#39;s biosphere and the term “protective substances” means all those substances which contribute directly or indirectly to the prevention of harmful effects on the earth&#39;s biosphere and in particular on man. Tropospheric volume elements in the form of clouds which contain contaminants and which can escape from industrial facilities due to damage or malfunction are enriched with protective substances which prevent the organism from taking in radioactive elements and minimize the extent of the area affected by the clouds and possess additional warning and identification properties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to tropospheric volume elements enriched withvital elements and/or protective substances as well as the proceduresfor their production and application. The term “vital elements” appliesto all matter supporting the development of life within the earth'sbiosphere and the term “protective substances” means all thosesubstances which contribute directly or indirectly to the prevention ofharmful effects on the earth's biosphere and in particular on man.

Tropospheric volume elements according to the invention are enrichedwith vital elements and/or protective substances. Tropospheric volumeelements in the form of clouds which contain contaminants and which canescape from industrial facilities due to damage or malfunction areenriched with protective substances which prevent the organism fromtaking in radioactive elements and minimize the extent of the areaaffected by the clouds and possess additional warning and identificationproperties.

Enriched tropospheric volume elements may offer numerous advantageouseffects, the most important of which are:

Climate cooling and climate stabilization

Increase of food production

Production of methane hydrate and kerogen as renewable energy sources

Reduction in all sorts of air pollutants

Increase of precipitation and

Reduction of the extent of damage and the number of victims due tonuclear reactor accidents.

The components of the environment include the populated and theunpopulated parts of the earth's surface and neighboring areas,including the atmosphere, the surface of the earth, ground, sediment,sediment surface, stretches of water and ecological systems. Thesecomponents are linked with each other by cycles of material exchangewhich are all connected to each other by partly instable flux exchangebalances. Consequently, the complex system may exist in differing, moreor less stable phases. Relatively minor causes may trigger off thetransition from one phase to another. Climate phase transitions arerecognized as being particularly disadvantageous. The geological climatehistory of the ice age has shown us that the transition of the earth'sclimate from the ice age's cold climate to the warm age's hot climatemay only take a few years to be completed.

At present, we are experiencing the transition from the moderate to thehot climate phase. This is a result of the rise in the quantities ofgreenhouse gases methane and CO₂ which has been caused by man since theearly 19^(th) century, whereby the methane content growth is alsocoupled with the troposphere's diminishing power of self-purification.The increase in methane in the troposphere is also coupled with thedecomposition of solid methane hydrate in the tundra moor sediments andin the ocean sediments to free quantities of methane due to the rise intemperature.

There has been a demand for large-scale geo-engineering projects (P. J.Crutzen, Nature, Vol. 415 of Jan. 3, 2002) for a lasting correction ofthe climate development in the near future. There have been variousproposals on how to prevent the transition to the hot climate phase; theenrichment of the stratosphere with aerosols with sulfur dioxide (M.Budyko) or soot (P. J. Crutzen) is supposed to cool the troposphere. Thecosts for such a project are estimated to be more than 20 billion US $(Graedel, T. E., Crutzen, P. J.: Chemie der Atmosphäre, SpektrumAhademischer Verlag, Heidelberg/Berlin/Oxford [1994], pages 457, 458).At present, attempts are being made to come to international agreementsto reduce the release of carbon dioxide by limiting the combustion offossil energy sources. However, the attempts to gain acceptance of theso-called Kyoto protocol have shown that such a measure cannot be putinto practice world-wide.

Without intervention, the warming of the troposphere will continue. Theresult will be an increase in food scarcity and an increase in the areaof land which is salted and devastated. The continuous growth of theworld's population will cause a rise in distribution conflicts.Overgrazing, fire clearance and ground erosion will accelerate thisnegative development. In spite of an increase in the utilization of seaarea for fish farming, over-fishing of the oceans has already prompted adramatic recession in food production.

In the near future, fossil fuel resources are also expected to runshort. A compensation by extension of alternative energy sources andenergy-saving measures cannot be enforced in the world's poorer regionsdue to the required investments.

The Chernobyl disaster was triggered off due to the nuclear fission ofnuclear fuel in the reactor running out of control; the cloud ofradioactive flue gas released by the nuclear reaction and the fire thenuclear reaction caused in the reactor and moderator unit struck largeparts of Europe. Terror acts, such as crashing civilian large capacityaircraft onto the towers in New York, have shown that catastrophesrepeat themselves. Safety scenarios which have not considered this, havesince lost their validity. In all of the nuclear power plantsworld-wide, there are no safety installations which are capable ofreducing the spread of radioactive clouds, which can occur when anuclear reactor runs out of control, which can limit their effects andwhich can mark the emission visibly for everybody at the affected spots.The argument that nuclear power plants will be put out of operationworld-wide within a few decades is unacceptable, as even the Germanauthorities have guaranteed the operation of at least some nuclear powerplants for more than thirty years to come. In Europe, the erection ofnew nuclear power plants continues, the latest examples of which are thenuclear power plant built in Temelin and another planned in Finland.There are also no safety installations for the treatment andidentification of toxic clouds in those industrial facilities whichhandle highly toxic materials or dangerous microbes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, the bundle of problems pictured above issolved by the production of definite tropospheric volume elementsenriched with vital elements and/or protective substances. Here, “vitalelements” means all elements which support the development of lifewithin the earth's biosphere and “protective substances” means all thosesubstances which contribute directly or indirectly to the prevention ofharmful effects on the earth's biosphere and the life-forms it contains.

The production of tropospheric volume elements enriched with protectivesubstances and/or vital elements, which may be of global, regional orlocal extent, is carried out preferably by releasing flue gasesaccording to the invention into the tropospheric air space above thedesired area to be affected. The purpose of the addition of flue gasesaccording to the invention is the distribution of protective substancesand/or vital elements in the troposphere over the desired area to beaffected, to have them remain there for a period of time before theyfinally sink down onto the surface of the ground and/or water. The fluegases according to the invention used for this purpose are enriched withprotective substances and/or vital elements. Belonging to the substancesunder the term protective substances are also those substances whichwill develop into protective properties in particular in thetroposphere.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the oceanic tropospheric volume element,enriched with vital and protective substances, over the sea.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The production of the flue gases may occur by combustion of fuelscontaining vital elements and/or containing other materials which ontheir combustion form protective substances. However, it is alsopossible to enrich the flue gases with vital elements and/or protectivesubstances after they have been produced. Post-combustion enrichment offlue gases with vital elements and/or protective substances is preferredif the respective substances are sensitive to temperature or if theycannot be produced by combustion. For many applications, it isadvantageous to use customary fuels for the production of the flue gasesaccording to the invention, e. g. oil or petrol. Additives, which oncombustion form a vital element composite fraction and/or a protectivecomposite fraction in the flue gas which has developed, preferably existin the form of oil- or petrol-soluble compounds in a molecular-disperseddistribution. Table 1 lists examples of substances which may be utilizedas fuels or fuel additives to produce the flue gases according to theinvention. Table 2 lists examples of protective substances which may beadded to the flue gas after combustion and table 3 lists examples ofprotective substances and/or substances containing vital elements asflue gas components produced by combustion. Table 4 contains furtherexamples of protective substances. Table 5 lists examples of thosesubstances from which protective substances in the troposphere can beautonomously formed.

The production of the flue gases according to the invention may takeplace by combustion in any type of combustion apparatus. Production mayalso take place by means of vehicles driven by fuels according to theinvention, in particular by means of aircraft, ships and motor vehicles.Production may also take place by means of devices which are constructedto exclusively serve this purpose.

The production of tropospheric volume elements according to theinvention by the release of customary available protective substancesand vital elements is not preferred if the materials are solidmaterials. The protective substances and vital elements of finestgranulation available on the market are so-called pyrogenic oxides.Examples of these types of commercial products are “Aerosil” (=silicondioxide) and titanium oxide pigments (the latter lacking the protectivecoating which prevents the production of hydroxyl radicals). Even ifreleased in the finest granulation available, these dusts have thedisadvantageous property that they only remain for a short time becausethey settle quickly. Contrary thereto, certain applications permit theadvantageous distribution of gaseous protective substances and gaseousvital elements in a tropospheric volume element even without the aid offlue gas. Examples of vital elements are, for instance, phosphorus,nitrogen, silicon and iron which are essential for the existence ofliving organisms.

Examples of protective substances are those substances which directlytrigger off destruction, removal or neutralization of hazardoussubstances, or substances which enable living organisms to avoid contactwith hazardous substances. Substances belonging to the protectivesubstances are, for example, hydroxyl radicals in the tropospherebecause they cause the decomposition of dangerous reductive substancessuch as e. g. methane, smog and flue gases. Substances belonging to theprotective substances are also those substances which stimulate theproduction of hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere, e. g. oxidescontaining titanium. Substances belonging to the protective substancesare also contaminant-sorbents such as soot, pyrogenous silicic acid,iron(III)-oxide, fog and substances forming fog. Also belonging to theprotective substances are warning substances which due to color, smellor irritating effects stop living organisms and man in particular fromcoming close to a dangerous substance or from eating food or drinkingwater contaminated by the dangerous substance. Also belonging to theprotective substances are, for instance, the color pigments soot and rediron oxide, the intensively smelling substances ethyl mercaptan andpyridine, the irritants chloracetophenone and trichloronitromethane,taste-intensive substances or aromatic substances and substances whichcause disgust or nausea.

Some examples of the volume elements enriched with vital elements and/orprotective substances according to the invention, are:

-   -   the tropospheric volume element over the sea which is preferably        enriched with aerosols containing vital elements e. g. iron and        phosphorus in oxide bonding for the growth of phyto-plankton,        and protective substances e. g. titanium in oxide and/or nitride        bonding which may trigger off the photolytic production of        hydroxyl radicals to decompose methane and other undesirable        tropospheric gases. The aerosols contribute directly or        indirectly to the increase in the troposphere's retro-radiating        effect (Albedo). The advantageous effect of this tropospheric        volume element on the climate, energy supply and world nutrition        is explained by way of example in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1:        -   The flow path indicated by bold-type arrows in FIG. 1            represents the non-tectonic share of the earth's short-term            carbon cycle which is maintained by the photosynthesis of            the phyto-plankton. Compared to the presently existing            transient equilibrium, the transient equilibrium achieved by            the tropospheric volume element according to the invention            is marked by a lower atmospheric carbon dioxide level, a            considerable rise is carbon load quantity and by a shorter            carbon cycle completion period.            -   The fossil energy resources will become less important                when the use of kerogene sediment and methane sediment                as renewable energy sources begins.    -   the tropospheric volume element over land or coastline regions        marked by high levels of traffic and industry emissions is        preferably enriched with aerosols containing protective        substances such as titanium in oxide bonding, which stimulates        here the photolytic decomposition of smog, nitrogen oxides,        carbon monoxide, halogen and nitric aromatics and other        undesirable combustion and emission products, and also        protective substances such as iron in oxide bonding which causes        the absorbent bonding of the emission products originating from        the wear of friction-coating materials, in particular of        carcinogenic antimony and toxic lead.    -   the enclosed and artificially illuminated tropospheric volume        element in tunnels or multi-storey car parks and underground car        parks which is preferably enriched with aerosols containing        protective substances such as titanium and cerium in oxide        bonding which here also trigger off the photolytic decomposition        of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and other undesirable        combustion products, and also, for example, absorb the emission        products antimony and lead originating from the wear of        friction-coating materials such as e. g. iron in oxide bonding.    -   the tropospheric volume element over land and coastline regions        marked by a deficiency of essential elements, e. g. iodine,        selenium, manganese and molybdenium, which is preferably        enriched with gases and/or aerosols containing the missing vital        elements. The essential elements are preferably linked by        absorptive or chemical-absorptive bonding to aerosol        carriers, e. g. soot or iron oxides produced by combustion.

Belonging to the tropospheric volume elements enriched with protectivesubstances according to the invention are also those clouds which havebeen produced by the most devastating nuclear power plant accidents,such as were produced by the nuclear power plant at Chernobyl, whichfloat in the troposphere and are enriched with radioactive elements.This also includes other clouds enriched with radioactive elements whichmay escape from other sources due to an uncontrollable nuclear reaction;some examples are, for instance, nuclear waste dumps, nuclear fuel roddepots, nuclear reactors for powering ships, nuclear weapons and theirstorage facilities, enriched uranium and plutonium depots. Flue cloudsfrom fires or clouds of highly toxic or pathogenic potential which mayexist in the troposphere due to accidents or disasters in depots andproduction facilities for poison gas, bacteriological weapons orlaboratories and technological facilities handling these sorts of toxicor pathogenic materials are also among the tropospheric volume elementsenriched with protective substances according to the invention.

The protective substances used for this purpose can be classified withone or more substances from the substance groups for marking materials,absorbents, substances stimulating precipitation, substances supportingcondensation, substances supporting particle-agglomeration andsubstances which obstruct an intake of matter in the organism. Theclouds carrying contaminants and enriched with protective substances andthe contaminated sediment which has fallen from them or the contaminatedwater that has made contact with them may be identified by anybody dueto one ore more protective substances from the pigment, smell, taste andirritant substance groups by sight, by smell, by taste and also by skinirritation and can thereby be avoided. Restricted to smell and skinirritation, the same also applies to animals. Several examples for thesekinds of marking materials are given in table 2. In addition, thesecontaminated tropospheric volume elements are preferably enriched withprotective substances which bind the pollutants, stimulate theirprecipitation and directly obstruct their intake by the organism.

According to the invention, the clouds containing contaminants areenriched with protective substances. These directly or indirectlyobstruct or prevent the intake of radioactive, toxic or virulentsubstances by human or animal organisms, and even by plants. Thisconsiderably lowers the effects of the toxic emissions released.

In case of an accident, the production of tropospheric volume elementsenriched with protective substances is carried out by safetyinstallations specifically constructed for this purpose. The operationof such safety installations is described below by using an accidentwith released radioactive emissions from an uncontrollable nuclearreaction in a nuclear power plant as an example. This sort of accidentis known by the term MCA (maximum credible accident). The buoyant hotgases released due to nuclear fission reactions of this kind can beclassified as flue gases, due to the participation of high-temperaturechemical combustion processes. One major risk emerging from an MCA isthe release of radioactive iodine isotopes. To minimize the riskpotential of the iodine emissions containing radioactivity, the fuelaccording to the invention and/or the fuel additive with iodine asprotective substance are stored inside the nuclear power plant. In caseof an MCA, the fuel may be burnt near to the focus of the open nuclearfuel reaction. This may be done, for example, by injection of liquidfuel doped with iodine by means of one or more jet lances arranged inthe direct vicinity of the point of nuclear fuel reaction, whereby theheat of the nuclear reaction will inflame the liquid fuel. It is alsopossible to use natural gas enriched with hydroiodic acid as fuel and toburn this off accordingly. Hereby, the flue gases according to theinvention mix with the flue gases produced by the MCA. The safetyinstallation may also be realized by a customary combustion device byusing customary oil and gas burners to release the combustion productsaccording to the invention and containing iodine from the fuel and fueladditives. As fuels, fuel oils or oil additives doped with iodine arepreferred. The emission of radioactive iodine from the MCA flue gasesinto the troposphere is preferably exceeded many times over, in relationto the amount of radioactive iodine released in a certain period of timeinto the troposphere, by the emission of iodine with the flue gasesaccording to the invention to minimize the hazard of persons taking inradioactive iodine isotopes when they come into contact with theemissions at the location of the emissions.

The enrichment of the emitted contaminant cloud with protectivesubstances from the category of solid and/or liquid absorbents enablesan additional reduction in the intake of harmful substances from thecontaminated cloud. Soot has the capacity to absorb gaseous radioactivesubstances. It may easily be produced as flue gas containing soot by theincomplete combustion of soot oil. Iron in organic bonding and/ormanganese contained in the fuel result in flue gases enriched with ironand/or manganese oxides which are excellent absorbents of radioactiveheavy metals. In the buoyant hot flue gases buoyant from the core meltand on its way to the troposphere, the soot aerosol will be oxidizedsuperficially. Soot oxidized in this manner has the additional capacityof binding parts of the heavy radioactive elements.

Raising the contaminated cloud's steam content and/or the content levelof substances which form fog will support the bonding of radioactivemetals to the absorbent protective substances. The bonding ofradioactive heavy metals, metalloids and earth-alkali with the oxidizedsoot-particle protective substances and/or oxide-particle protectivesubstances succeeds most advantageously in the watery phase because thisphase induces the production of dissolved ions which may be more easilyabsorbed by the absorbents soot and iron oxides. To enable theproduction of watery protective substance aerosols even in a drytropospheric environment, the contaminated cloud may be enrichedadditionally with protective substances which form fog. The fog-formingsubstances can be produced by combustion as well as by injection of thefog-forming substances into the hot flue gases. Apart from water, thefog-forming substances are, for example, volatile acids, volatile bases,volatile hydrolytic salts and thermally decomposing salts as well ashygroscopic substances or also those substances which may transform intoone or more fog-forming substances in the cloud which is enriched withprotective substances. Belonging to the fog-forming substances are thosesubstances which are listed by example in tables 3 and 4.

Fog-forming substances can also be directly produced from fuels, forexample, phosphorus acid from the combustion of trikresylphosphate andsulfuric acid from the combustion of carbon disulfide. In a cloud, thesesubstances or their oxidation products and/or hydrolysis productsproduce watery fog droplets of protective substance. The forming of foghas the advantage that it aggregates the aerosol particles in the cloudinto flakes by agglomeration. This increases the sinking speed of theparticles up to them forming precipitation. Preferably, water-solublehygroscopic protective substances are used to form protective substancefog whereby ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride orzinc chloride are preferred. The combination of volatile bases withvolatile acids also results in advantageous and stable protectivesubstance fogs. The combustion of metal dusts such as zinc, aluminum,iron or magnesium or mixtures of these substances with organic compoundsof high chlorine content also permits the production of stableprotective substance fogs.

It is of advantage to choose a high charging density of protectivesubstances to enrich the contaminated cloud. On the one hand, thismeasure causes the majority of the inherent contaminants to bond and onthe other, it causes the protective substance aerosols to agglomerateand sedimentate faster than the cloud without protective substances.This results in the advantage of restricting the region which isaffected by fall-out to a many times smaller area than would have beenstruck without applying the described measure. The protective substancesaccording to the invention, soot and iron oxide, possess pigmentcharacteristics and therefore offer a simple method of visibly markingthe fall-out area with black or red fall-out color. The contaminantbonding to the protective substances has the further advantage that theradioactive particles can be easily separated from the contaminated airby means of air purification devices and the contamination of water dueto dissolved radioactive substances can be reduced.

In addition, protective substances which are identifiable by smelland/or skin irritation are suitable as sensory marking means for theradioactive cloud and its emissions. Examples of these substances may befound in the groups of smell-intensive and/or skin-irritatingsubstances. These are, for instance, mercaptans (smell-intensive),pyridine (smell-intensive), halogen ketones (skin-irritating), halogennitrites (skin-irritating), cyanogen halides (skin-irritating),trichloronitromethane (skin-irritating), halogen-nitro aromaticsubstances (skin-irritating), oxazepine (skin-irritating) and similarsubstances. Another way to prevent humans and animals from drinkingwater affected by the fall-out is to add aromatic substances with anintensive disgusting taste as protective substances. These protectivesubstances, which would decompose if exposed to high temperatures, arepreferably injected as gas or spray mist into the active hot flue gascurrent after the above-mentioned flue gases according to the inventionwith the protective substances have been added. Examples of protectivesubstances having the described signal and protection properties whichmay be released into the flue gas of an MCA are listed in table 2. Toprotect the substances sensitive to temperature and oxidation in thecloud from decomposition by UV-radiation and oxidation, it is ofadvantage if the flue gas current contains light-refracting orlight-absorbing pigments e. g. soot and oxides because the protectivesubstances adsorbed by such pigments are better protected from chemicaldecomposition.

The interactive mechanisms, described in the example where theradioactive cloud caused by an accident is enriched with the protectivesubstances according to the invention, may also be appliedcorrespondingly to accidents where gas clouds are released which containtoxics or viruses or microbes. In those cases where an accident causes agas release without fire or explosion and where there is no influence bythermal convection, it may be helpful in an urban neighborhood to starta fire to produce the flue gases containing protective substances toprovide the gas cloud with thermal lifting power which lifts the gascloud up and away from the most endangered localities.

The local tropospheric volume elements enriched with protectivesubstance aerosols in which the production of hydroxyl radicals isstimulated by radiation can make the customary catalysts systems,serving to purify the exhaust gases of motor vehicles, obsolete. Theeffect of the fine distribution of aerosols according to the inventionis better than the effects of solid-bedded catalysts because theaerosols can keep on taking effect within the flue gas cloud, whereverthis may go, even after having left the vehicle's exhaust. The smogcomponents ozone, NOx and peroxyacetylnitrate are thereby decomposed bythe hydroxyl radicals produced or, in environments where the daytimeconcentration of OH-radicals exceeds the usual level significantly,cannot even be formed at all. Protective substance aerosols containingiron in oxide-bonding securely bind carcinogenic antimony and toxic leadfrom the wear of clutch and brake pads even after precipitation washesthem away and they are sedimentated with the protective substanceparticles or they are washed into the sewage system with the rainwater.Protective aerosols which settle from the air onto the surfaces ofvegetation, buildings and the ground can continue to produce hydroxylradicals due to radiation and can continue their purifying function.

The release of flue gases which produce protective substances could besubsidized, for instance, by introducing a fuel tax exemption or fueltax reduction for motor vehicles which are mainly used during the dayfor these particular fuels so that fuels which produce flue gasescontaining protective substances may find widespread use as analternative to catalysts. Equipping vehicles with catalytic devices forexhaust gas purification, as is the regulation particularly for carswith gasoline engines, would then not be necessary.

To achieve a lasting climate stabilization in the moderate phase and toincrease food production and renewable energy sources, it would sufficejust to make use of the tropospheric volume element enriched with vitalelements and protective substances over the sea. Therefore, controllingand monitoring the enrichment of the tropospheric volume elements overthe sea with vital elements and/or protective substances is particularlyimportant because as the addition of vital elements increases, thethroughput in the non-geogenic carbon cycle increases, whereby thelasting stability of the transient equilibrium of the carbon cycle mustbe secured.

The increase in the carbon load conveyed in this part of the carboncycle therefore requires that the carbon load taken from the troposphereby the mass growth of phyto-plankton resulting from the enrichment ofthe tropospheric volume element, according to the invention, over thesea must be replaced to a sufficient extent. In the transitive phase,replacement may take place by the combustion of fossil fuels. After thisphase, the products arising from the increased production ofphyto-plankton, namely kerogen hydrate sediments and methane hydratesediments, should be integrated in the energy production of theanthropogenic material economy. Otherwise, there is a danger that due tothe falling concentration of carbon dioxide in the troposphere, theclimate could slip into a cold phase.

The system components of the carbon cycle, which may be modified byhuman intervention in order to sustain a stable carbon transientequilibrium, as a result of the enrichment of the oceanic troposphericvolume element with vital elements and protective substances areunderlined below:

-   -   (1) Carbon dioxide load form the sources:        -   Combustion of renewable energy carriers and volcanic            exhalation→(2)    -   (2) Carbon dioxide sinks:        -   Assimilated carbon dioxide load in phyto-plankton, geogenic            bonding in the course of the decaying process as limestone            sediment and limestone sediment subduction in the earth's            crust and the earth's mantle→(3a), (3b)    -   (3a) Phyto-plankton load into the food pyramid    -   (3b) Phyto-plankton load into the oceanic sediment        fermentation→(4)    -   (4) Kerogen sediment load and methane hydrate sediment load from        sediment fermentation→(5)    -   (5) Kerogen sediment load and methane hydrate sediment load by        sediment mining to be fed into the anthropogenic material        cycle→(6)    -   (6) Combustion of the kerogen sediment load and methane hydrate        sediment load for anthropogenic energy gain→(1)

A number of examination parameters permit controlling the stability ofthe carbon cycle's transient equilibrium with the increased carbon loadrate induced. These examination parameters are preferably gained fromecological systems which are directly influenced and from otherenvironmental systems which are affected. Controlling of the carbon loadrate takes place by raising or lowering the content of vital elementsand/or protective elements in the tropospheric volume element and/orprotective substances according to the invention. This is achievedaccording to the invention by the continuous or sporadic dosage of theadditive agents distributed via the airspace and by determining theposition of the respective location of distribution depending strictlyon the actual status and change in the respective parameters recorded.Such parameters are for example:

-   -   regional, hemispheric and global contents of methane and        dimethyl sulfide measured at different heights in the        troposphere and above the tropopause;    -   regional and hemispheric contents of protective substances        and/or vital elements in the air, on/in vegetation, on/in the        ground and in waters;    -   average covering of cloud in the tropospheric volume element;    -   carbon dioxide contents measured in the air and sea water,        globally, in the hemisphere and in the tropospheric volume        element;    -   concentration of phyto-plankton below the tropospheric volume        element;    -   oxygen content of sea water beneath the tropospheric volume        element at different depths;    -   content of turbid matter in sea water beneath the tropospheric        volume element at different depths;    -   sedimentation rates in the sea beneath the tropospheric volume        element at different depths;    -   studying the ecological systems beneath the tropospheric volume        element;    -   measuring global temperature in the troposphere, on the surface        of the ground and on the surface of the sea.

The concentration of vital elements and/or protective substances in thetropospheric volume element, the volume of the tropospheric volumeelement and the surface covered by the tropospheric volume elementinfluence the carbon throughput. Potential ways to influence theparameters of tropospheric volume elements charged with vital elementsand/or protective substances exist in considerable variety. The averagedistribution, duration of stay and concentration of the substancesreleased into the tropospheric volume element with the flue gases arehere important quantities. Some examples of what can be controlled are:

-   -   the location over which the flue gas is released;    -   the extent of the area over which the flue gas is released;    -   the height above ground or sea level at which the flue gas is        released;    -   the concentration of substances in the flue gas;    -   the dosage of flue gas released;    -   the composition of the substances released with the flue gas;    -   the intervals at which the flue gas is released;    -   the size of the particles of the substances in the flue gas.

Regarding the size of the particles in the aerosols in the flue gas, thesize of the secondary particles is the preferred measured quantitybecause the diameter of the secondary aerosol particles has an essentialand decisive influence on their sinking velocity. The secondaryparticles consist of agglomerated primary particles. The diameters ofthe secondary particles are a function of the aerosol concentration inthe flue gas. The aerosol concentration itself is a function of theconcentration of the aerosol-forming inflammable substance in the fuel:the higher the concentration, the coarser the secondary particles in theflue gas will be and the faster they will sink in the troposphere.

Similar control mechanisms may be used with the dosage of additiveagents, applicable for accidents. These control mechanisms are oriented,for example, according to the status of the data on the contaminant loadconstantly supplied to the cloud which in the case of a nuclear powerplant accident can be assessed quite accurately from the radiationtemperature of the core melt and/or the height of the thermal convectioncolumn and/or from the column's radioactive radiation intensity. Fromthe spectrum of the radioactive radiation intensity and the knowledge ofthe nuclear fuel type used, it is possible to conclusively identify theactive composites present in the emission. These criteria are alsosuitable for determining the necessary amounts of load of the protectivesubstances. It may also be decided from case to case if all theprotective substances or only a certain fraction of the protectivesubstances are to be used.

Tropospheric volume elements with an increased content of vital elementshave the specific advantage that the distribution of the vital elementslatter over sea or land is lasting and extensive. Attempts which havebeen made to release vital elements in the form of iron salts which weredirectly released into the sea were only able to stimulate mass growthof phyto-plankton in small areas.

It is also possible to separate flue gases according to the invention,which have been released in closed buildings, from the air which hasbeen treated accordingly by utilizing the flue gases' aerosols whichcontain titanium and/or iron which form hydroxyl radicals under theinfluence of sunlight or artificial light sources after they havefulfilled their task of neutralizing harmful gases by means of thecommonly known processing steps of air purification by dust extraction.By using this method, the flue gases may also be used to purify wasteair or fresh air containing harmful gases.

With the enrichment of the oceanic tropospheric volume element withvital elements and/or protective substances according to the invention,it is possible to ward off the climate crisis threatening mankind on alasting basis. A selection of individual effects are:

-   -   Lowering the troposphere's CO₂ content (leads to climate        cooling);    -   Albedo increase directly effected by the aerosols according to        the invention (leads to climate cooling);    -   Albedo increase by cloud formation caused by increased dimethyl        sulfide emissions from phyto-plankton metabolism (leads to        climate cooling);    -   Decomposition of tropospheric methane by the production of        hydroxyl radicals (leads to climate cooling);    -   Decomposition of substances which are difficult to        decompose, e. g. poly-chlorinated biphenyls, halogenated        dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, DDT, phthalates, polycyclic        aromatics, by the production of hydroxyl radicals;    -   Increase of necrotized phyto-plankton sedimentation (leads to        the production of kerogen hydrate sediments and methane hydrate        sediments as a source for renewable energy products);    -   Increase of protein production in the oceanic ecological system        by increasing the mass of phyto-plankton in sea water (leads to        an increase in protein food resources).

The mixed oxides and nitrides required to produce the additives to bereleased into the tropospheric volume elements are all non-toxic and, inthe applicable concentrations, they do not have a negative effect on thelungs or on the digestive system. They do not cause toxic effects on theenvironment either. At least, there is no evidence that naturalparticles of similar constitution—such as may be released inconsiderable quantities from the tropospheric hydrolysis of ironhalogenics, silicon halides and titanium halides contained in volcanicgas exhalations—have ever caused damage to the health.

No negative effects have become known so far from the operation ofstationary domestic heating systems fuelled with oils containing ironeither. Neither the ubiquitous iron oxides and manganese oxides nor thevarious oxides, nitrides and oxide-nitrides, which can result fromcombustion of the elements silicon, titanium, zirconium and iron, whichare preferably used elements, possess toxic qualities. Only the quartzmodifications of the corresponding silicon compounds and titaniumcompounds have been proven to be harmful to the health. The aerosolsreleased into the troposphere due to the commonly known combustion ofsilicon, titanium, silane, titanium acid esters and silicic acid estersare non-crystalline. There are also no hazardous effects known toemanate from non-crystalline silicon dioxide aerosols. The titanates,ferrates, zirconates, zirconium dioxide and cerium dioxide which may beused as composites of the aerosols according to the invention also have,to a great extent, disordered non-crystalline grid structures whichbelong to the inert substances in chemical/biological terms. In sandysediments of decayed crystalline and volcanic rocks and in volcanicashes, these elements sporadically in the decay-resistant fraction ofheavy minerals as rutile, anatase, brookite, ilmenite, titanite andzircon. Harmful effects of these substances when taken into thedigestive system are therefore not known and are not to be expected.

The natural burden due to the wind-borne fraction of fine-dust aerosolscan be expected to increase worldwide, if the enrichment of thetropospheric volume elements with vital elements and/or protectivesubstances according to the invention is not put into practice, due tothe continuing growth of deserts and steppes. In many regions, thenatural wind-borne aerosols contain crystalline composites, inparticular quartz and serpentine, which when inhaled are harmful to thehealth. Particularly, the natural fine-dust aerosols coming from desertbelts and moraine belts which occasionally spread to central Europe canbe classed as being harmful to the health due to their content ofquartz. In particular, the fine dusts containing serpentine fiber whichare blown out of natural serpentine deposits in dry zones are recognizedas being harmful to the health.

Particularly, the organic compounds of titanium, silicon, phosphorus andiron required for the production of the fuels and fuel additives forproducing the flue gases enriched with vital elements and/or protectivesubstances can be produced on a large scale at low costs. Moreover,titanium and iron are not scarce elements in the earth's crust, butbelong to the most frequent elements. The continental earth's crust hasan average content of iron of 42 g pro kg and an average content oftitanium of 5 g pro kg. According to the 1992 volume of the FederalGerman statistical almanac, the fuel consumption of motor vehicles,aircraft and diesel engines in 1990 amounted to about 457,000,000 metrictons just in the U.S.A. Assuming that about one fifth of this quantityhas been used for appropriate purposes (air traffic, shipping) about10,000 metric tons of doping elements could have been released by amedium concentration of doping elements of 10⁻⁴ parts pro unit of fuel.

TABLE 1 Examples of substances used as fuels or fuel-additives withwhich flue gases can be produced by combustion permitting the enrichmentof tropospheric volume elements with vital elements and/or protectivesubstances Example of substances; Element symbol Properties of theeffective elements in the flue gas of the effective substancescontaining additive agents applied to the flue gas* Phosphorus acidester; P a, p Phosphoric acid ester; P a, p White phosphorus; P a, pMagnesium phosphide; P a, p Calcium phosphide; P a, p Silicic acidester; Si, N a Tetramethyl silane; Si, N a Silane compounds; Si, N aHalogene silane compounds; Si, N a Silicon-magnesium alloys; Si, N aTitanocene; Ti, N a, d Tetramethyl titanium; Ti, N a, dHydrolysis-resistant titanium acid a, d esters; Ti, N a, d Condensatesof carboxylic acid - a, d titanium acid; Ti, N a, d Titaniumacetylacetonates; Ti, N a, d Titanium phthalocyanines; Ti, N a, dTitanium; Ti, N Magnesium-titanium alloys; Ti, N Iron carbonyls; Fe a,d, p, s Ferrocene; Fe a, d, p, s Dekamethyl ferrocene; Fe a, d, p, sIron oleates; Fe a, d, p, s Fatty acidic iron salts; Fe a, d, p, sIron-acethylacetonate Fe a, d, p, s Iron rhodanide; Fe a, d, p, sAromatic N-heterocyclics containing a, d, p, s iron; Fe a, d, p, sIron-silicon-magnesium alloys; Fe, Si Tricyclopentadienyl-cerium; Ce dCerium heptane dionate; Ce d Cerium acetyl acetonate; Ce dIron-cerium-titanium alloys; Fe, Ce, Ti a, d, p, s Iodine methane; I a,r Diiodine methane; I a, r Tetraiodine methane; I a, r Iodine; I a, rIodine dissolution in soot oil; I, C a, p, r, s Diphenyl selenide; Se aDiphenyl selenium dioxide; Se a Diphenyl selenium oxide; Se a Seleniumdissolution in soot oil; Se, C a, p, s Diphenyl selenide with ferrocene;Se, a, p, s Fe Soot oil; C p, s Soot oil with ferrocene and a, p, stetraiodine methane; C, Se, Fe Soot oil with ferrocene; C, Fe p, s*Property a) vital element, Property d) protective substance; productionof hydroxyl radicals Property p) protective substance; absorbentProperty r) protective substance; minimization of the intake ofradioactive iodine by the organism Property s) protective substance;marking the toxic fall-out from a contaminated cloud by visiblepigmentation

TABLE 2 a) Examples of protective substances as direct additives or asflue gas additives which are to be released into contaminant cloudscaused by accident b) Examples of the flue gases used Direct andindirect properties of the protective substances in the contaminated a)Protective cloud substances added and its fall- to flue gas b) Flue gasexample out* a) Chlorine b) Flue gas: Gas mixture containing p, r, s, u,t acetophenone soot, hydroiodic acid and iron (III) oxide at atemperature of 150° C. Flue gas from the waste gases of the separatecombustion of soot oil methyl-iodide solution and ferrocene oil solutiona) Ethane thiol b) Flue gas: Flue gas containing soot p, s, t from thecombustion of soot oil a) Pyridine b) Flue gas: Gas and aerosolconvection t current which swirls up due to the uncontrolled reaction ofthe core melt *Property p) absorptive bonding to a protective substanceProperty r) minimizing the intake of radioactive iodine by the organismProperty s) protective substance: marking the toxic fall-out from acontaminated cloud by visible pigmentation Property t) marking the toxicemissions in the air and the toxic fall-out on the ground and in watersby smell or taste Property u) marking the toxic emissions in the air andthe toxic fallout on the ground and in waters by skin irritation orother irritation

TABLE 3 Examples of vital elements and protective substances in the fluegas and the effects in the tropospheric volume element doped with themExamples Effect in doped of substances containing vital elementsSymbol(s) of tropospheric and/or protective substances and the effectivevolume the effective elements contained therein element(s) elementPyrophosphorus acids P a, p Mixed phosphorus acids fog Ammoniumphosphates Silicon-dioxide-aerosol Si a Siliconnitride-oxynitride-aerosol N Titanium-dioxide-aerosol a, d, sTitanium-oxynitride-aerosol Ti, Si, Zr, NTitanium-silicon-mixoxide-aerosol Titanium-silicon-mixoxynitride-aerosolTitanium-silicon-zirconium-mixoxide- aerosol Titanium-silicon-zirconium-mixoxynitride-aerosol Iron (III) oxide-aerosol Fe a, p, sIron-silicon-magnesium-mixoxide- Fe, Si, Mg, N a, p, s aerosol Siliconnitride-oxidnitride-aerosol Cerium-dioxide-aerosol Ce d Thinned iodinegas a, p, r, s Thinned iodine-hydrogen gas I, C Soot aerosols containingiodine Thinned selenium-dioxide gas Se a,Selenium-dioxide-iron(III)oxide- Se, Fe a, p, s aerosols Soot aerosolscontaining selenium Se, C a, p, s Property a) vital element Property d)protective substance; production of hydroxyl radicals Property p)protective substance; absorbent Property r) protective substance;minimization of the intake of radioactive iodine by the organismProperty s) protective substance; marking the toxic fall-out fromcontaminated clouds by visible pigmentation

TABLE 4 Examples of fog-forming substances as protective substances asdirect additives or as flue gas additives which are to be released intocontaminant clouds caused by accident Water Hydrochloric acid Ammoniawater Ammonia gas Methyl amine Ethyl amine Sodium carbonate Ammoniumcarbonate Calcium chloride Magnesium chloride Aluminum chlorideIron(III) chloride Ammonium hydrogen carbonate Ammonium chloride Methylammonium chloride Ammonia hydrogen sulfate Chlorine sulfonic acid Sulfurtrioxide Pyridinium chloride Phosphorus pentoxide

TABLE 5 Examples of substances which convert into fog-forming protectivesubstances only within the contaminant clouds caused by accidentExamples of substances which convert into fog-formers in Fog-formerswhich are produced from the contaminant cloud substances in thecontaminant cloud Hydrogen sulfide Sulfuric acid Ammonium sulfideAmmonium sulfate Sulfur dioxide Sulfuric acid Carbon disulfide Sulfuricacid Phosphorus trichloride Phosphorus acid, Hydrochloric acidPhosphorus oxychloride Phosphorus acid, Hydrochloric acid Phosphoruspentachloride Phosphorus acid, Hydrochloric acid Sulfur dichlorideSulfuric acid, Hydrochloric acid Sulfuryl chloride Sulfuric acid,Hydrochloric acid Aluminum chloride Hydrochloric acid, Aluminum Iron(III) chloride hydroxide Boron trichloride Hydrochloric acid, Iron (III)Titanium tetrachloride hydroxide Silicon tetrachloride Hydrochloricacid, Boric acid Chlorine silane Titanium acid, Hydrochloric acidSilicic acid, Hydrochloric acid Silicic acid, Hydrochloric acid

The invention claimed is:
 1. Method for producing a tropospheric volumeelement having a lasting enriched concentration of at least one vitalelement (essential element) andlor at least one protective substance incomparison to its presently existing composition of elements and matter,wherein said at least one vital element and/or said at least oneprotective substance is chosen from the group consisting of ironcompounds and titanium compounds, characterized in that the volumeelement is produced by a controlled addition of flue gas that containssaid at least one vital element and/or said at least one protectivesubstance, whereby said flue gas is produced by combustion of fueland/or fuel additives.
 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized inthat the additives contain iron and/or titanium in elementary formand/or in a chemical compound, the chemical compound being oil- orpetrol-soluble, and/or in a metal and/or in an alloy, the alloy being aniron-silicon-magnesium alloy, a magnesium-titanium alloy or aniron-cerium-titanium alloy.
 3. Method according to claim 1,characterized in that the fuel contains one or more substances selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen, natural gas, liquid gas, mineraloil, refined mineral oil products, pyrolysis oil, oils processed fromrenewable raw materials, diesel oil, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil,silicon oil, gasoline, methanol, metal, and metalloid and containing, inenriched form, at least one vital element and/or at least one substancewhich on pyrolysis and/or on combustioli results in its conversion intoa protective substance.
 4. Method for the removal of contaminants ortoxic substances from a tropospheric volume element, characterized byadding flue gas containing protective substances chosen from the groupconsisting of iron compounds and/or titanium compounds, whereby saidflue gas is produced by combustion of fuel and/or fuel additives.
 5. Themethod of claim 4, wherein the contaminants or toxic substances areradioactive elements.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the contaminantsor toxic substances are microbes.
 7. Method for photolytic purificationof waste air or fresh air currents, characterized by adding flue gascontaining protective substances chosen from the group consisting ofiron compounds andlor titanium compounds, whereby said flue gas isproduced by combustion of fuel and/or fuel additives.
 8. Method forincreasing the growth of phyto-plankton under a tropospheric volumeelement produced according to claim 1, comprising: enriching a global orregional tropospheric volume element with vital elements and/orprotective substances in a controlled manner, whereby the dosage ofvital elements and/or protective substances leads to an averagedistribution, duration of stay and concentration in the troposphericvolume element, whereby the vital elements and/or protective substancesare iron compounds and/or titanium compounds, and whereby the vitalelements and/or protective substances are transported by flue gas intothe trospospheric volume element.
 9. Method for cooling the troposphere,characterized by a controlled addition of flue gas containing protectivesubstances chosen from the group consisting of iron compounds and/ortitanium compounds, whereby said flue gas is produced by combustion offuel andlor fuel additives.
 10. Method for reducing the carbon load ofthe troposphere and for thereby achieving a lasting climatestabilization, characterized by enriching a global or regionaltropospheric volume element with vital elements andlor protectivesubstances in a controlled manner, whereby the dosage of vital elementsandlor protective substances leads to an average distribution, durationof stay and concentration in the tropospheric volume element, wherebythe vital elements and/or protective substances are iron and/or titaniumin oxide bonding, whereby the vital elements and/or protectivesubstances are transported by flue gas into the tropospheric volumeelement.
 11. Method for reducing the carbon load of the troposphereaccording to claim 10, whereby the amount of vital elements and/orprotective substances and the position of the respective location ofdistribution depends on one or more of the following parameters:regional, hemispheric and global contents of methane and dimethylsulfide measured at different heights in the troposphere and above thetropopause; regional, and hemispheric contents of protective substancesand/or vital elements in the air, on/in vegetation, on/in the ground andin waters; average covering of cloud in the tropospheric volume element;carbon dioxide contents measured in the air and sea water, globally, inthe hemisphere and in the tropospheric volume element; concentration ofphyto-plankton below the tropospheric volume element; oxygen content ofsea water beneath the tropospheric volume element at different depths;content of turbid matter in sea water beneath the tropospheric volumeelement at different depths; sedimentation rates in the sea beneath thetropospheric volume element at different depths; and/or studying theecological systems beneath the tropospheric volume element.